Etiology

Almost all testicular cancers begin in the germ cells – the cells in the testes that produce immature sperm, which would be given by the susceptibility of these to the risk factors.
Risk factors

• An undescended testicle (cryptorchidism): The testes are formed in the abdomen during fetal development and usually descend into the scrotum before birth. Men with an undescended testicle are at increased risk of testicular cancer.
• Abnormal development of the testes: Klinefelter’s syndrome, may increase your risk of testicular cancer.
• Family history: If members of the family have had testicular cancer may be at increased risk.
• Age: Testicular cancer affects teens and young men between the ages of 15 and 34. However, it can occur at any age.
• Race: Testicular cancer is more common in white men than black men.

Treatment

Surgery

Surgery to remove the testicle (radical inguinal orchiectomy) is a primary treatment for almost all stages and types of testicular cancer. To remove the testicle, the surgeon makes an incision in the groin removes the entire testicle through the opening. A prosthesis, saline-filled testicle can be inserted if desired.

Radiotherapy
Radiotherapy is a treatment option that you use frequently in people with type seminoma.
Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy treatment uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy drugs travel throughout the body to kill cancer cells that may have migrated from the original tumor. Your doctor may recommend chemotherapy after surgery to kill small remnants.

The findings are the result of the first clinical trial using nitroglycerin to treat prostate cancer. The 24-month Phase II study has been directed to 29 men with high levels of prostate specific antigen (PSA, a key indicator of the progression of cancer) after prostate surgery or radiation. “We are very excited to see a significant slowdown in disease progression as evidenced by PSA levels, and to see this outcome in many of the men who participated in the study,” says Robert Siemens, the study leader Professor of Urology at Queen’s University at Kingston General Hospital urologist.

Researchers are encouraged by the results, especially because at present the safe and effective treatments for men with rising PSA levels after surgery or radiation are limited. They note further that the additional evidence is needed to confirm the results of this study are very small.

Of the 17 patients who completed the study, all but one showed a stabilization or decrease in the rate of cancer progression, as measured by PSA doubling time. Nitroglycerin has already been used significantly higher doses for over a century in the treatment of angina pectoris, has proven without a doubt his power to reduce nitric oxide, which plays an important role in the progression of a tumor.

Research on the use of nitroglycerin and similar compounds to treat cancer by Drs. Adams, Graham and Heaton has led to the issuance of 10 patents worldwide. PARTEQ Innovations, the technology transfer office of Queen, has licensed part of this intellectual property Nometics Inc., a spinoff company of the Queen, which is dedicated to developing products and therapies based on this and related research.

“This is the first clinical evidence that treatment with low doses of nitric oxide, offers prostate cancer patients a new non-invasive treatment option,” said Robert Bender, executive director of Nometics. “We intend to start more extensive clinical trials in 2010 to confirm and extend these results

What causes cancer?

Now it seems clear that no one has the answer to this question. The doctor responded to this question by explaining the mechanism of abnormal cell proliferation. They responded by explaining how but not why. “The factors or multiple causes,” says the most. But the reality is that every oncologist can answer that question satisfactorily.

To answer this question, I think, must be placed a little further. We must move away from the microscope to see clearly what was really sick, a person, not a cell. Someone with a life. A life that is probably what causes the disease. Life, perhaps sickly.

But let’s start from the beginning. Someone with a certain personality you live a certain life. Suddenly, one day you feel something is wrong and see a doctor. This makes a series of tests and concluded that this person has developed a disease called “cancer.” Person, this personality, and with life, has been produced in the body of cancer. There have been infected by a virus, or have an accident, or suffering from something innate, your body only has to send commands to a group of cells to multiply at an abnormal level and not die, thus creating what is called a “tumor. In turn, these tumors will nurture and grow without limit of time, destroying cells and even send a few cells elsewhere in the body, resulting in what is called “metastasis”. In short, the body, by itself, has started the process of self destruction. Because it is precisely what cancer, the process of self destruction.

Another type of cancer that affects the bone is Ewing’s sarcoma. It is similar to osteosarcoma because it also affects adolescents and young adults, and usually attacks the legs or pelvis.

Most teens with Ewing’s sarcoma receiving chemotherapy and undergoing surgery. Some patients also need lightning, in addition to surgery or in lieu thereof, to be sure to destroy the remaining cells. Ewing’s sarcoma generally responds well to chemotherapy and radiation.

Osteosarcoma and Ewing’s sarcoma share common risk factors and the same side effects of treatment. The chances of recovery depend on the location of the tumor, its size and whether it has spread. But both types of bone cancer respond well to treatment and, in many cases are curable.

Leukemia

Leukemia is one of the most common cancers in childhood. Appears when the bone marrow is invaded by large numbers of abnormal white blood cells called leukemic blasts and in some cases, it enters the bloodstream.

Because these abnormal blood cells have defects, it helps protect the body against infections, as do normal white blood cells. And because they grow out of control, take over the bone marrow and interfere with the production of other types of cells important in blood flow, like red blood cells (which carry oxygen) and platelets (which allow blood clotting) .

Leukemia causes problems like bleeding, anemia (low red blood cell count), bone pain and infections. It can also spread to other parts of the body such as lymph nodes, liver, spleen, brain and in the case of men, the testicles.

The most common types of leukemia in teens are acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

Virtually all persons with ALL and AML are treated with chemotherapy and some also receive stem cell transplants. During this procedure, get new stem cells from another person. Bone marrow transplants are a common form of stem cell transplantation. Some people also receive radiation. The duration of treatment and medications administered rates vary by type of leukemia.

The chances of cure of certain types of leukemia are very good. With proper treatment, most patients with ALL and many patients with AML are cured of the disease and it does not reappear.

Osteosarcoma is the type most common bone cancer. It usually occurs in adolescent boys, in general, they begin to “catch lugs. Osteosarcoma affects twice as many boys than girls and often occurs in people higher than average. Some medical problems may be due to genes, such as retinoblastoma, a tumor that develops in the retina, may predispose some adolescents to develop osteosarcoma. The same happens if a teenager has received radiation treatments for other bone cancers.

The most common symptoms of osteosarcoma are pain and swelling of the legs or arms, sometimes accompanied by the appearance of a bulge. Some people suffer more pain at night or exercise. Often, osteosarcoma is found in bones surrounding the knee, but can also occur in other bones. In exceptional cases, a tumor can spread or cause outside the bone metastases in nerves and blood vessels of the limb. (The word metastasis is the term doctors use when tumor cells away from the original cancer site and move to different tissues or organs).

Treatment for osteosarcoma usually involves chemotherapy (medication intravenously, or IV, which destroys cancer cells) as well as surgery to remove the tumor. In a few cases in which these procedures fail to fully overcome the cancer, the doctor may need to amputate a part or all of the limb to fight cancer. Doctors can also perform surgery for limb salvage. In this procedure, bone is removed to prevent cancer and limb amputation by filling the space with a bone graft or a metal rod special.

The loss of a limb can be devastating, especially for teens who are already through other bodily changes. The psychological and physical therapy (also called “physical rehabilitation) can be very useful in this situation. In general, adolescents who are receiving amputation must pursue a prosthesis or artificial limb, to help them adapt. Most adolescents are able to return to normal activities, including sports.

Most of the adolescents develop side effects such as hair loss, bleeding, infection and heart problems or skin, characteristic of the drugs used in chemotherapy treatment for osteosarcoma. Chemotherapy can also increase a patient’s risk of developing other cancers in the future. The good news is that most teens with osteosarcoma do recover.

* Causes
The cause is unknown, but there are some risk factors that cause a woman to be more likely to have breast cancer.

* Risk Factor
Several factors influencing risk are:
1. Age.
Approximately 60% of breast cancer occurs in over 60 years of age. Greatest risk found in women aged over 75 years.
2. Had breast cancer.
After the affected breast removed, then the risk of breast cancer in healthy increased by 0,5-1% / year.
3. Family history of breast cancer.
Women are mothers, sisters or children suffering from cancer, a risk 3 times more likely to have breast cancer.
4. Genetic and hormonal factors.
5. Disease had non-cancerous breast.
6. Menarche (first menstruation) before age 12 years, menopause after age 55 years, first pregnancy after age 30 years or had never been pregnant.
7. Kb pills or estrogen replacement therapy.
8. Obesity after menopause.
9. Use of alcohol.
10 The use of alcohol more than 1-2 cups / day can increase the risk of breast cancer.
11. Chemicals.
Several studies have mentioned the chemical exposure that resemble estrogen (contained in pesticides and other industrial products) may increase the risk of breast cancer.
12. DES (diethylstilbestrol).
Women who take DES to prevent miscarriage have a higher risk of breast cancer.
13 radiation.

* Symptoms and Signs
The initial symptoms in the form of a lump that is usually perceived differently from the surrounding breast tissue, painless and usually have an irregular edge.

In the early stages, when driven by a finger, a lump can be moved easily under the skin.
At an advanced stage, the lump is usually attached to the chest wall or the surrounding skin. In advanced-stage cancer, can form a swollen lump or breast skin ulcers.
Sometimes the skin over the lump shrank and looked like an orange peel.

Other symptoms that may be found is a lump or mass in the armpit, change the size or shape of the breast, an abnormal discharge from the nipple
(usually bloody or yellow to green, may also be pus), a change in color or texture of the skin on the breast, nipple and areola.
breast looks red, the skin around the nipple scaly, nipples are interested in or feel itchy, painful swelling of the breasts or one breast.
At an advanced stage may arise bone pain, weight loss, swelling of arms or ulcerated skin.

* Prevention
Many risk factors can not be controlled. Some experts diet and cancer experts believe that changes in diet and lifestyle in general can reduce the incidence of cancer.

Endeavored to make early diagnosis of breast cancer easier to treat and can disembuhan if still in early stages.

Be aware, examine the clinical breast and mammography as a screening procedure to detect the 3 instruments at an early stage cancer.

* Management
Treatment usually begins after the comprehensive assessment of the condition of the patient, ie about 1 week or more after the biopsy.
The treatment consists of surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy and hormone inhibitors.

Radiation therapy used to kill cancer cells in the tumor removal and the surrounding area, including the lymph nodes.

Chemotherapy (a combination of drugs to kill cells that multiply quickly or pressing breeding) and drug-hormone inhibitors (drugs that affect the hormones that support the growth of cancer cells) are used to suppress the growth of cancer cells throughout the body.