1. Surgery (taking out the cancer)
2. Radiation therapy (using high-dose x-rays or other high-energy rays to kill cancer cells)
3. Hormone therapy (using hormones to stop cancer cell growth)
4. Chemotherapy (using drugs to kill cancer cells)
5. Biological therapy (using the body’s immune system to fight cancer)

Surgery is one of the common treatments for prostate cancer. Your doctor may remove the cancer using one of the following. Surgery is reseved for those patients in good health, with less than 70 years and who choose surgery as their best option.

Radical prostatectomy:

Is the removal of the prostate and some tissue around it. The doctor can perform surgery through an incision in the area between the scrotum and anus (perineum) using an operation known as perineal prostatectomy or through an incision in the lower abdomen using an operation known as
retropubic prostatectomy. Radical prostatectomy is performed only if the cancer has not spread outside the prostate. Usually, before carrying out the prostatectomy, the doctor will perform surgery to remove pelvic lymph nodes in order to determine the presence of cancer. This procedure is called lymph node dissection
pelvic lymph. If the lymph nodes contain cancer, the doctor usually no fee prostatectomy and may recommend other therapy. Men who have been treated with surgery may suffer from impotence and spillage of urine from the bladder.

Transurethral resection

Is the removal of prostate cancer using an instrument with a small wire loop on the end which is inserted into the prostate through the urethra. This operation is sometimes done to relieve symptoms caused by the tumor before further treatment or apply to men who can not support a radical prostatectomy due to age or other disease.

Cancer occurs when a particular

While different types of cancers have signs, symptoms, treatments and different prognoses depending on the type of cells involved and the degree of cell growth, childhood cancer is usually easier to control if caught in time and how adults younger the child, the more likely to survive. A baby may have a better expectation of life than a boy of 10 years and that such a young age many of their cells are to be formed and to remove malignant cells from your body we will ensure a full survival.

While the treatments are very cruel and painful and the physical and psychological sequelae are difficult to overcome, now is not the same cancer 20 years ago. People tend to assume that cancer is synonymous with certain death, but with proper diagnosis and following the protocol established for this type of cancer, can be overcome and even have a normal life. At first deal will be difficult years, with many twists and turns, with fear of recurrence of the disease, but you can.

In all types of cancer, cancer cells, grow uncontrollably, become abnormal sizes and morphologies (tumors), ignore their usual boundaries inside the body, destroy neighboring cells and, eventually, they may end up spreading to other organs and tissue (metastasis). As the cancer spreads, it consumes more and more of the nutrients the body needs to function. Cancer patient energy consumption, destroys organs and bones, and weakens their defenses against other diseases.
The most common cancers in children are leukemia, lymphoma and brain cancer. After ten years, there is also an increased incidence of osteosarcoma (bone cancer) and infants can be given neuroblastomas staying in neck or kidneys. Each type of cancer affecting different parts of the body, and its treatment and cure rates are also different.
The factors that trigger cancer in children rarely coincide with those that can be triggered in adults, such as smoking or exposure to environmental toxins. In most cases, childhood cancers develop due to inherited mutations in the genes of cells in the growth process and this error occurs randomly or unpredictably, currently there is no way to prevent them.
It is possible that your child’s doctor detected some early symptoms of cancer in a periodic review. However, many symptoms such as fever, swollen lymph nodes, frequent infections, anemia, or bruises are also typical of other infections or conditions other than cancer, but remember to check right away if your baby has any of these symptoms or a lump or hardness atypical stay in his little body, especially in the abdominal or head and neck.

After receiving the diagnosis of cancer, it is important to seek help for your child in a medical center specializing in pediatric oncology and psychological support for children and families by specialist familiar with the subject.

The treatment of cancer in children includes chemotherapy is the use of drugs to kill cancer cells, radiation therapy is the use of radiation to kill cancer cells and surgery to remove cancer cells or tumors. The treatment program required in each case will depend on the type of cancer and its aggressiveness, how widespread it is and the child’s age. This is called protocol.

In children with leukemia or lymphoma, surgery generally play a minor role. This is because leukemia and lymphoma are cancers that affect the circulatory and lymphatic systems, which are widely distributed throughout the body, making it difficult to treat locally removing a specific area. However, in osteosarcoma, brain tumors, neuroblastomas and other tumors affecting isolated small parts of the body anatomy and that have not metastasized to other parts of the body, surgery is often an effective weapon to fight cancer, combined with chemotherapy and / or radiotherapy.
Children with certain types of cancers may be candidates to undergo a bone marrow transplant. Bone marrow is a spongy tissue on the inside of certain bones of the body and performs the function of producing blood cells. If a child has a type of cancer that affects the function of blood cells, bone marrow transplant (in conjunction with chemotherapy to kill cancer cells) can enhance growth of healthy new cells. Marrow transplantation is also sometimes used to treat cancers in which no operation is committed blood cells, because it helps physicians to use higher doses of chemotherapy that would have tolerated the patient if he had not been made transplantation.

Skin cancer

Type

Basal cell carcinoma
This is the most common skin cancer. It is also the easiest to treat and less likely to spread. Basal cell carcinoma usually appears as:
• A lump or color pearl wax in the face, ears or neck.
• A flat spot of skin-colored or brown scar on the chest or back

Squamous cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma is easily treated if caught in time, but is a bit more likely to spread to the basal cell carcinoma.

Appears as:
• A small red nodule on the face, lips, ears, neck, hands or arms.
• A flat spot or a squamous intraepithelial lesion, crusty on the surface of the face, ears, neck, hands or arms.
Melanoma
This is the most serious form of skin cancer and is responsible for most skin cancer deaths.
Warning signs of melanoma include:
• A site with large dark brown speckles located anywhere on your body
• A simple lunar located in any part of your body that changes color, size or feel or that bleeds.
• A small lesion with an irregular edge
Risk Factors
• Excessive exposure to sunlight. Tanning is the response of the skin lesion to excessive UV radiation.
• Moles. People with many moles or abnormal moles called dysplastic nevi “have a higher risk of skin cancer.
• A family history of skin cancer.
• Personal history of skin cancer. If once developed skin cancer, are at risk of developing it again.
• A weakened immune system. People with weakened immune systems are at greater risk of developing skin cancer. This includes people living with HIV / AIDS or leukemia and those taking immunosuppressant drugs following organ transplantation.
• Exposure to environmental risks. Exposure to environmental chemicals, including some herbicides, increases your risk of skin cancer.
• Age. The risk of developing skin cancer increases with age.
Treatment

Sometimes no treatment is required beyond an initial biopsy that removes all the growth.
If you need additional treatment options may include:

• Freezing: It destroys skin cancers in early stages by freezing with liquid nitrogen (cryosurgery).
• Surgical excision: After the skin is rebuilt.
• Laser therapy:
• Electrocoagulation: After surgery an electric needle destroys any remaining cancer cells.
• Radiation therapy: Radiation may be used to destroy basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas if surgery is not an option.
• Chemotherapy: In chemotherapy, drugs are used to kill cancer cells. For cancers limited to the upper layer of the skin, creams chemotherapy. Systemic chemotherapy can be used to treat skin cancers that have spread to other parts of the body.

Etiology

Almost all testicular cancers begin in the germ cells – the cells in the testes that produce immature sperm, which would be given by the susceptibility of these to the risk factors.
Risk factors

• An undescended testicle (cryptorchidism): The testes are formed in the abdomen during fetal development and usually descend into the scrotum before birth. Men with an undescended testicle are at increased risk of testicular cancer.
• Abnormal development of the testes: Klinefelter’s syndrome, may increase your risk of testicular cancer.
• Family history: If members of the family have had testicular cancer may be at increased risk.
• Age: Testicular cancer affects teens and young men between the ages of 15 and 34. However, it can occur at any age.
• Race: Testicular cancer is more common in white men than black men.

Treatment

Surgery

Surgery to remove the testicle (radical inguinal orchiectomy) is a primary treatment for almost all stages and types of testicular cancer. To remove the testicle, the surgeon makes an incision in the groin removes the entire testicle through the opening. A prosthesis, saline-filled testicle can be inserted if desired.

Radiotherapy
Radiotherapy is a treatment option that you use frequently in people with type seminoma.
Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy treatment uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy drugs travel throughout the body to kill cancer cells that may have migrated from the original tumor. Your doctor may recommend chemotherapy after surgery to kill small remnants.

Another type of cancer that affects the bone is Ewing’s sarcoma. It is similar to osteosarcoma because it also affects adolescents and young adults, and usually attacks the legs or pelvis.

Most teens with Ewing’s sarcoma receiving chemotherapy and undergoing surgery. Some patients also need lightning, in addition to surgery or in lieu thereof, to be sure to destroy the remaining cells. Ewing’s sarcoma generally responds well to chemotherapy and radiation.

Osteosarcoma and Ewing’s sarcoma share common risk factors and the same side effects of treatment. The chances of recovery depend on the location of the tumor, its size and whether it has spread. But both types of bone cancer respond well to treatment and, in many cases are curable.

Leukemia

Leukemia is one of the most common cancers in childhood. Appears when the bone marrow is invaded by large numbers of abnormal white blood cells called leukemic blasts and in some cases, it enters the bloodstream.

Because these abnormal blood cells have defects, it helps protect the body against infections, as do normal white blood cells. And because they grow out of control, take over the bone marrow and interfere with the production of other types of cells important in blood flow, like red blood cells (which carry oxygen) and platelets (which allow blood clotting) .

Leukemia causes problems like bleeding, anemia (low red blood cell count), bone pain and infections. It can also spread to other parts of the body such as lymph nodes, liver, spleen, brain and in the case of men, the testicles.

The most common types of leukemia in teens are acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

Virtually all persons with ALL and AML are treated with chemotherapy and some also receive stem cell transplants. During this procedure, get new stem cells from another person. Bone marrow transplants are a common form of stem cell transplantation. Some people also receive radiation. The duration of treatment and medications administered rates vary by type of leukemia.

The chances of cure of certain types of leukemia are very good. With proper treatment, most patients with ALL and many patients with AML are cured of the disease and it does not reappear.

The term lymphoma refers to cancer that develops in the lymphatic system, which includes lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, adenoids, tonsils and bone marrow. The role of the lymphatic system is fighting the germs that cause infections and diseases. Most adolescents with lymphoma have Hodgkin’s disease (cancer of lymph tissue) or non-Hodgkin lymphoma (cancer of immune system cells that circulate in our bodies).

Hodgkin’s disease usually occurs in adolescents and young adults. May arise in lymph nodes in the neck, armpits, chest or other body sites. Lymph nodes were enlarged, but in general there is pain. Hodgkin’s disease is characterized by the presence of abnormal cells and large, called Reed-Sternberg cells are detected with a microscope after a biopsy (a procedure in which a doctor takes a small tissue sample for the presence of cells cancer). The chemotherapy and often radiation are used to treat Hodgkin’s disease.

The Hodgkin lymphoma is similar to leukemia (ALL) because both are characterized by the presence of malignant lymphocytes (white blood cells in the lymph nodes) and because they share many symptoms. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma treated with chemotherapy.

Most adolescents with Hodgkin’s disease or non-Hodgkin lymphoma and complete treatment achieved complete remission with no signs of the disease.

Brain tumors are rare in adolescents. There are two types of primary brain tumors that originate in the brain cells, and secondary brain tumors, which originate from a cancer that started elsewhere in the body (eg, osteosarcoma) and extends to the brain.

Most brain tumors in adolescents are primary. Two of the most common forms are astrocytomas and ependymomas. Astrocytomas are brain tumors that originate in the brain cells called astrocytes. This tumor is rarely spread outside the brain and spinal cord, and usually does not affect other organs. Ependymomas are tumors that usually begin in the walls of the ventricles of the brain. The brain has four ventricles, or cavities, which are a way for cerebrospinal fluid, a liquid substance that protects the brain and spinal cord, and absorbs shock.

Nobody knows exactly what causes primary brain cancer. One possibility is that a problem occurred while the cells forming the brain and spinal cord.

Treatments vary depending on tumor type and location. If possible remove a tumor, surgery is usually performed, followed by radiation. Some patients also receive chemotherapy.

The odds of surviving a brain tumor depend on the type, location and treatment. But if it is possible to remove the tumor and administering additional treatment is likely to cure cancer.

* Causes
The cause is unknown, but there are some risk factors that cause a woman to be more likely to have breast cancer.

* Risk Factor
Several factors influencing risk are:
1. Age.
Approximately 60% of breast cancer occurs in over 60 years of age. Greatest risk found in women aged over 75 years.
2. Had breast cancer.
After the affected breast removed, then the risk of breast cancer in healthy increased by 0,5-1% / year.
3. Family history of breast cancer.
Women are mothers, sisters or children suffering from cancer, a risk 3 times more likely to have breast cancer.
4. Genetic and hormonal factors.
5. Disease had non-cancerous breast.
6. Menarche (first menstruation) before age 12 years, menopause after age 55 years, first pregnancy after age 30 years or had never been pregnant.
7. Kb pills or estrogen replacement therapy.
8. Obesity after menopause.
9. Use of alcohol.
10 The use of alcohol more than 1-2 cups / day can increase the risk of breast cancer.
11. Chemicals.
Several studies have mentioned the chemical exposure that resemble estrogen (contained in pesticides and other industrial products) may increase the risk of breast cancer.
12. DES (diethylstilbestrol).
Women who take DES to prevent miscarriage have a higher risk of breast cancer.
13 radiation.

* Symptoms and Signs
The initial symptoms in the form of a lump that is usually perceived differently from the surrounding breast tissue, painless and usually have an irregular edge.

In the early stages, when driven by a finger, a lump can be moved easily under the skin.
At an advanced stage, the lump is usually attached to the chest wall or the surrounding skin. In advanced-stage cancer, can form a swollen lump or breast skin ulcers.
Sometimes the skin over the lump shrank and looked like an orange peel.

Other symptoms that may be found is a lump or mass in the armpit, change the size or shape of the breast, an abnormal discharge from the nipple
(usually bloody or yellow to green, may also be pus), a change in color or texture of the skin on the breast, nipple and areola.
breast looks red, the skin around the nipple scaly, nipples are interested in or feel itchy, painful swelling of the breasts or one breast.
At an advanced stage may arise bone pain, weight loss, swelling of arms or ulcerated skin.

* Prevention
Many risk factors can not be controlled. Some experts diet and cancer experts believe that changes in diet and lifestyle in general can reduce the incidence of cancer.

Endeavored to make early diagnosis of breast cancer easier to treat and can disembuhan if still in early stages.

Be aware, examine the clinical breast and mammography as a screening procedure to detect the 3 instruments at an early stage cancer.

* Management
Treatment usually begins after the comprehensive assessment of the condition of the patient, ie about 1 week or more after the biopsy.
The treatment consists of surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy and hormone inhibitors.

Radiation therapy used to kill cancer cells in the tumor removal and the surrounding area, including the lymph nodes.

Chemotherapy (a combination of drugs to kill cells that multiply quickly or pressing breeding) and drug-hormone inhibitors (drugs that affect the hormones that support the growth of cancer cells) are used to suppress the growth of cancer cells throughout the body.

Women with cervical cancer can be treated with surgery, radiation or chemotherapy or a combination thereof.

Surgery. Treats cancer in the cervix and the area near the tumor. The doctor removes the cervix and uterus (total hysterectomy), although some patients require other radical hysterectomy which removes the uterus, cervix and part of the vagina, also removed the lymph nodes near the tumor to see if they have cancer.

Radiation. Radiation therapy uses high energy rays to kill cancer cells.

Chemotherapy. Medications are used to kill cancer cells, often this is combined with radiation therapy when the cancer has spread to other organs.